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El ProF. Montandon dice sobre los chechenos. cherkeses y georgianos del Cáucaso:
ceux-ci paraissent appartenir, racialment, à un vieux faciès de la race méditerranéenne, les visages allongés en triangle s'y rencontrent comme chez les Basques.
Ils représentent en effet, avec les Basques, et peut-être les anciens Etrusques, ce qui reste de la grande famille ethnique qui peupla l'Europe avant le développement de la grande famille indo-européenne.
Les langues caucasiques...paraissent avoir certaines affinités avec le basque...et l'etrusque.
*=ācVŋ- 'to catch, take' (WFR 126):
PNC *=ācĒ(n) > Chech. ēc-, Ing., Bac. ec- 'take'; And. =ison-, Cham. =isã-, Tind.
=isĩ-, Kar. =isan- 'to find'; Tsez. =is-, Khv. =as- 'to take'; Lak. =aci- 'to steal', =uci- 'to bring,
deliver'; Darg. =uc- / =urc- 'to take' (dial. 'to catch'); Ag. f-ac- (dial. f-acan-) 'to catch', Arch.
sa- id.; Ub. wə-ć(ə)- 'steal'.
PST *chĕŋ > Burm. ćhań 'to collect', Kach. ciŋ 'to gather up', Lush. seŋ id.
(?) PY *k-as- ( ~ g-) 'to take' > Ket. kɔ:śi4 (Kur.), Bak., Sur. kɔ:śə4 // kɔśə4, South. kɔś4
[but Werner 1, 413: kaś-]; Yug. kasɛsaŋ6 "in order to take". In ССЕ 234-235 I have
explained the irregular correspondence between Ket and Yug by a contamination of
*kas- and *qōs- q.v. Werner 1, 413, however, corrects the Ket forms like k:si to qɔ:śi and
adds distinct Ket forms like kaśaś 'nehmen (kaufen)', thus clarifying the situation and
allowing to avoid a contamination hypothesis. See *xkmćỺ.
*=āčĂŋ- 'to pull, lead' (HGC 37, WFR 131):
PNC *=āčĂn 'to go, to lead' > Chech. q-āč-, Ing., Bac. q-ač- 'to arrive'; Av. =áč-ine,
Cham. =ačī-, God. =ečĩ- 'to lead', Lak. =ači- 'to go, be heading (somewhere)'; Abkh. a-ca-rá
(Bz. a-ća-rá), Ab. ca-ra 'to go, walk'.
PST *ćăŋ 'to bring, arrange' > OC 將 *ćaŋ 'bring, offer; take; arrange'; Tib. ãćhaŋ (p.
bćaŋs, F. bćaŋ, i. ćhoŋ(s)) 'to hold, to keep; to carry; to wear', Burm. ćhaŋ 'to make,
construct, arrange', Kach. kəǯaŋ, ləǯaŋ 'to arrange', Lush. čaŋ 'receive, get', Yamphu
caŋ-ma 'to bring or take smth. out'.
PY *čāŋ- (~c-) 'to pull, drag' > Ket. taŋ4 (South.), North. ta:ŋə4, Yug. ča:hŋ Kott. ačaŋ
"catching"; ačaŋākŋ "to catch".
[Length in PY is probably compensatory.]
*=áčw 'to take, hold' (HGC 38):
PNC *=ăčw 'to take, carry' > Av. =ač:-, Cham. =ač-id- 'to carry'; Gin. =aš- 'to find';
Darg. =uč- 'to gather, collect', Chir. =alč- / =ulč- (with an unclear -l-) 'to take'; Lezg. q:-aču-
'to take', Tsakh. sa=če- 'to take away', Ud. eč-sun 'to bring'; PWC *čₙV > Ad. a-, Kab. ša-
'to take, carry'.
PST *ĆŏH 'to seize' > OC 取 *ćhoʔ 'to take'; Tib. ã-u 'to seize'; (?) Burm. ćhwajh 'to
grip, catch (a person)'.
[CF. Basq. *eući 'to take, hold, seize, grasp'.]
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*=axgwV 'to look, see' (NSC 54):
PNC *=agwV 'to see' > Chech., Ing. g-, Bac. gu-, =ag-; Akhv. hari-gu- (hari- '*eye');
Tsez. =ikₙ-, Gin. =ük-, Khv. =akₙ-, Bezht. =egā-; Lak. k:ₙa=k:ₙa-; Darg. Ur. gₙ-, Chir.
ʕul=irg-; Lezg. ak:ₙa-, Ag. agₙ-, Rut. h-a=gₙa-, Arch. =ak:u-, Ud. ak:-sun, etc.
PST *kₙēn (~ *gₙ-) 'to glance at, regard' > OC 睊 *kₙēn 'to glance at'; Lush. khon 'to
regard, pay attention to'.
PY *qo ( ~ χ-) 'to see' > Ket. d-ba-ŋ-sɔ-ʁɔ, praet. d-ba-ŋ-lɔ-ʁɔ (South., Werner 2, 29);
Yug. di-ba-ŋ-s-ɔ, praet. di-ba-ŋɨ-r-ɔ (Werner 2, 29); Pump. ja-xa-ldi 'I see'.
[Acceptable if *-n in PST is a historical suffix.]
*=aGwỺń- 'to lose':
PNC *=aGwV(n) 'to lose, be defeated' > Chech. ħ-ēʁ- 'to be unwell, indisposed';
And. =iʁan-, Cham. =iʁã-, Kar. =eʁ- 'to lose, be defeated'; Tsez. =eʁₙ-, Khv. iʁₙ-, Bezht.
=üw- id.; Tab. k:-a=ʁ- id.
PST *kjuŋ ( ~ g-, q-, G-, -o-) 'destitution, loss' > OC 窮 *guŋ 'destitution, poverty';
Tib. gjoŋ 'loss' (perhaps = *KₙVŋ 'leave, lay aside' > Tib. s-kjuŋ 'to leave behind, lay aside',
Kach. məkhoŋ2 'to keep, lay aside').
PY *qoń- (~χ-) 'to lose' > Ket. qɔńbɛt6, Yug. xɔnesbɛ5 (with secondary tone); see
ССЕ 263. Werner 2, 106.
*=ăhwV 'to do' (HGC 37):
PNC *=ăhwV(r) 'to do' > Chech. =a-, Ing. =e, Bac. =a-; Av. ha=í-, And., Cham., Tind.
ih-, Akhv. g-u-, Kar. g-ah-, God. ĩh-; Tsez. =o-d-, Gin., Khv., Gunz. =uw-, Bezht. =ow-;
Lak. =a-; Darg. =ir-; Lezg. iji-, Tab. aṗ- ( < *a-b-ʔ-), Rut. =aʔa-, Tsakh. h-aʔa- / h-ā-, Kryz.
je-r-, Bud. si=ʔi-r-, Arch. a=a-, Ub. be- 'to do,make'; Khin. =ar 'to become (in imperat.)';
Abkh. a-w-rá, Ad., Kab. wə-, Ub. w(ə)- 'to do, make'.
PST *qₙ[i]ăj 'make; divide, distribute' > OC 為 *waj 'make, do, act'; Tib. b-gji-d (fut.
bgji) 'to make, do, act', (?) ji-n 'to be'; Burm. wij 'to divide, to distribute'.
PY *w-ǯ- (~*b-) 'to do, make' > Ket. bɛ:ŕi4 (Kur.); Bak., Sur. bɛ:də4; South. bɛŕ4,
Yug. bɛ:h, Kott. ba-paj-aŋ 'to do, make', Ar. ša-pi-te 'I make' (see ССЕ 295, Werner 1,
115).
[The comparison is valid if *-ǯ- in PY is a historical suffix.]
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*=hV 'small, young':
PNC *=āhV > Chech. =aj-n, Ing. =aj, Bac. =awĩ 'light (in weight)'; Av. d-áha-b 'few'
(dial. also 'small'), Cham. d-ah, Tind. d-ahar 'few'; Gin. ehe-nnu, Bezht. =üwe-rö, Gunz.
=ije-ru 'small, little'; Hurr. χai-annə 'little'.
PST *ɣāwH 'young' > OC 夭 *ʔāwʔ 'young, young age', Tib. -gu / -'u 'young (of
animals), sign of diminutives'. With a different suffix one could also compare PST *jā-ŋ
'light (in weight); small' (Tib. jaŋ-po, Lush. zāŋ, Gurung *jàŋ 'light (in weight)', Sulung
*jVŋ 'small').
PY *b-eʔjiŋ (~ w-) 'light' > Ket., Yug. bejiŋ5 (ССЕ 208, Werner 1, 120).
*=ăɦwV 'face, edge':
PNC *=ăɦwV 'edge, point; face' > Chech. jüħ 'face; end', =üħ-ig 'end', Ing. juħ 'face',
d-uħ 'beginning', Bac. juħ- 'face' (in comp. also =ujħ-); Av. b-eʕ 'face', r-aʕál 'edge', And.
lel, Kar. r-eʕil id., Cham., Botl. b-aj, Tind. b-ā, Kar., Bagv. b-aʕa 'face'; Bezht. jiʔo blade (of
axe, knife); Lak. *=aj 'edge, beginning' (in =aj=iši-n 'to begin'); Darg. =aIħ 'face'. The root is
also preserved in a widely used derivative *-ăɦwV-rV / *-ăɦwV-lV 'sharp' > Chech., Ing.
ira, Bac. ʕirĩ Av. =eʕéra-, Akhv. =aʕa-da-, And. =ari; Bezht. (Tlad.) =iʔo-ro, Lak. =ajiI-l-;
Ag. ħa-re-f 'sharp'.
PST *jɨ 'face' > OC 頤 *lə 'chin', PKC *ju 'face', Kir. *jo- 'mouth; chin' etc.
Bur. *-úrV / *hVrỺ > Yas. úri, Hun., Nag. -úri 'top (of mountain), comb, crest', Yas.
héreṣ 'edge', Yas. heréṣum, Hunza hirúm, Nagar hirím 'sharp'.
*=ălcwỺn- 'to measure' (HGC 36, WFR 139):
PNC *=ălcUm 'to measure, weigh' > Chech. =ust-, Ing. =ist-, Bac. =usṭ- 'to measure';
Av. =orcn-, And. =asin-, Akhv. =ačun-, Cham. =asVn-, Tind. =asĩ-, Kar. =asan-, Bagv.,God.
=asã- 'to measure'; Tsez. asa-d-, Gin. =asã-, Khv. n-as-, Bezht. =ãs-ah-, Gunz. =ãs- 'to
measure, to weigh'; Lak. =uci- id.; Darg. umc-, Chir. uncVn- / unc- id.; Lezg. alcum-, Tab.
je=c-, Ag. alc- (dial. alcan-), Rut. h-a=cₙa-, Kryz. w-ä=sn-, Bud. so=sn-, Arch. a=sin-, Ud.
us-k:- 'to measure, to weigh'; Abkh. a-šva-rá, Abaz. šₙa-ra, Ub. sₙa- 'to measure'.
PST *ch[ū]n (~ -ł) 'to cut off; a measure, to measure' > OC 寸 *chūns 'thumb, inch',
忖 *chūnʔ 'to measure, consider', 刌 *chūnʔ 'to cut, chop'; Burm. ćhunh 'to measure a
distance; to cut'; Kach. cen 'an inch'.
*-āλwE 'to whet, whetstone':
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PNC *ʔāλwE > Chech. älχa, Ing. älχ, Bac. atχĕ 'whetstone'; Av. :-ux-, Cham.,
Tind. =āh- 'to whet'; Bezht. iλo, Gunz. ilu 'flint, flint-stone'; PL *ʔaλₙV 'to sweep' > Tsakh.
s-a=xₙa-, Kryz. w-of-, Bud. w-o=x-; PWC *λə > Abkh. a--rá, Abaz. -ra 'to stroke, rub',
Ad., Kab. λə- 'to whet'.
Bur. *b-ál-dan 'whetstone' > Yas., Hun., Nag. bál-dan (dan 'stone').
*=áƛwVn- 'to match' (WFR 134, FDCP 3):
PNC *=ăƛwVn 'to resemble, similar' > Av. réƛ:-in-, Kar. =aλ:an- 'to be similar,
resemble', And. a=λ:in, Akhv. ẽλ:e-da, Cham. =aλ:una-b, Tind. =aλ:ũ-b 'similar'; Tsez.
=iλa-si, Gin. =eλ-iš, Khv. =aλ, Bezht. =ẽλe-rö 'similar, alike'; Lak. la=š:a- (pr. la=x:u-nu) 'to
be similar, look alike'; Darg. mešu-, Chir. miši- 'similar, alike'; Arch. λ:ₙāna-t:u- 'similar'.
PST *t-lōm > OC 同 *Łōŋ 'be the same, join, unite'; Kach. lom3 'to accompany';
Lush. lōm to assist a person in any kind of work; common, belonging to more than one'.
[CF. Basq. *b-erdin 'the same, equal, even'.]
*=āmśdU 'to milk, milk':
PNC *=āmʒU 'to milk; to drink' > Chech. =ētt-, Ing., Bac. =ett- 'to milk'; Lak. t:-iziid.;
Darg. =iz-, Dial. =irc:- / ic:- id.; Lezg., Arch. ac:a-, Tab. az-, Ag. uz-, Rut., Kryz. =äz-,
Tsakh. ǵ-a=z-, Bud. s-oz- 'to milk'; PWC *zₙA 'to drink' > Abkh. á-žv-ra, Abaz. žₙ-ra, Ad.
ja-sva-, Kab. ja-fa-, Ub. ʒₙa-. CF. various derivatives: Av. dial. ʕenže-r ( = Ag. azal)
'enclosure for milking sheep', PA *zin-HV 'cow', PL *ʔac:ä-r > *c:är 'cow'.
PST *[h]aw (~-ew) 'milk' > Tib. źo 'thick milk, curds', ã-o 'to milk'; Burm. ćəwʔ
'to draw out (milk from the breast), suck'; Kach. čuʔ3 'milk, breasts'; Lepcha čhu, ka-čhu
'curds, buttermilk', etc.
Bur. *háo 'to milk' > Hun., Nag. háo.
*=ămsṭĔ 'to know, see' (HGC 20, BCD 12):
PNC *=ămĔ 'to know, see' > Chech., Ing. =ovz- 'to get to know', Bac. =ab- 'id., to
know'; And. in- 'to know', Cham. =an- 'to look'; Bezht. gow-a- 'to look', Gunz. =ã- 'to
see'; Darg. um- 'to search'; Rut., Tsakh. =aa-, Kryz. =ä-, Bud. ha=-, Ud. a-(ba baksun)
'to know', Ud. aje-sun 'be able, can', Arch. b-ea- id.; Abkh. a-a-rá 'to learn', PAK *-ʡa- >
Ad., Kab. ṣa- (Shaps. ṣa-)'to know', *ə- > Kab. ə-xₙə- 'to be acquainted', Ub. a- 'to
know'; Hurr. anz-an-uɣ- (caus.) 'to declare, to promise'.
PST *siə(H) 'to know, think' > OC 思 *sə 'to think'; Tib. śe-s 'to know, perceive',
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Burm. siʔ 'to know' (LB *sajx), Kach. ši2 'news, tidings', Lush. thei 'can, may, be able',
Lepcha ší 'see', etc.
PY *ʔVt- 'to know' > Ket. it-parem (КРС), (Кастр.) iet-päde, (Werner 1, 383)
ít-pɛdam, inF. ítej; Yug. ít-pade (Werner 1, 383-384), see ССЕ 205, Werner 1, 383, 384, 2,
372. CF. also Ket., Yug. utpaŋ5 'blind' ('not seeing'); t...at 'understand' (Werner 2, 224),
t...et 'id., to be able' (Werner 2, 225).
Bur. *-jḗc- 'to see' > Yas. -jéc-, Hun., Nag. -jeéc-. CF. also Yas. d-si- ῾to think of'.
[CF. Basq. *encu-n 'to hear'.]
*=aỺł- 'to shake' (WFR 117):
PNC *=aVł > Akhv. ul- 'to slide'; Darg. Chir. d-al-(aʁ-) 'to dangle, shake'; Tab.
d-a=-, Ag. da- 'to dangle, shake', Rut. a=la- 'to tremble', Kryz. ʕä=l- 'to fall', Bud.
ʕa=al- 'to fall; to lie'.
PST *G(h)ōl ( ~ -ual) 'to move, swing' > Tib. ãgul-ba 'to move, shake, be agitated',
s-gul 'to move', Kach. goi1 'be swinging', Lush. hōl 'to flourish or wave about', Kir. *khl
( ~ *x-) 'to move, shift'.
[Irregular root structure in PST.]
*=arkU 'to smear':
PNC *=arkV > (?) Tind. d-ekₙã- 'to stick, adhere'; Darg. =ak- 'to smear'; Tab. k-a=k-
'to smear', Ag. ald-ark-, dial. urka- 'to smear, plaster', Bud. ʕa=k- 'to get dirty'.
PST *Kū 'to smear, sully' > OC 淈 *kū-t, *gū-t 'dirt, to sully'; Tib. s-ku-d (fut. b-s-ku)
'to smear, daub, anoint'.
*=ărḳĔw 'to drive':
PNC *=ărḳĔw > Chech., Ing. =ig-, Bac. =iḳ- 'to lead, to drive'; Akhv. ḳab- 'to drive,
urge', Cham. =eḳₙ-n- 'to direct; to return'; Tsez. iḳ- 'to go, walk'; Darg. (Ur.) =irḳ-/=urḳ 'to
drive, urge'; Tsakh. h-a=ḳan- 'to go', Arch. a=ḳa- 'to drive, urge'; PWC *ḳₙa- > Ad., Kab.
ḳₙa-, Ub. ḳa- 'to go, walk'.
PST *khjŏ (~ gh-,-w) 'to run, drive' > OC 驅 *kh(r)o, -s 'to drive (horses) forward;
gallop, hasten'; Tib. d-kju 'to run a race', ã-khju (p. ãkhjus) 'to run', ãgju (p. gjus) 'to move
quickly', Chepang kraw 'to run away'.
*=ắ[r]λwĂ 'even' (HGC 38, DCE 31):
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